Symbols and signs (Tools of Thinking)

Symbols and signs represent and stand as substitutes for actual objects, experiences and activities. In this sense they cannot be confined to words and mathematical numerals and terms. Traffic lights, railways signals, school bells, badge, songs, flags, and slogans all stand for the symbolic expression. These symbols and signs stimulate and economize thinking. They at once tell us what to do or how to act. For example, the waiving of other green flag by the guard tells us that the train list about to move and we should get in the train. Similarly, the mathematical symbol for subtraction will get in the train. Similarly, the mathematical symbol for subtraction (-) tells a child what he has to do. The conclusion drawn by Boring, Lang field and Weld for emphasizing the role of symbols and signs in to the process of thinking is worth mentioning. They write “symbols and signs are thus seen to be the pawn and pieces with which the great game of thinking is played and It could not be such a remarkable and successful game without them” (1961).


Language: Language is the most efficient and developed vehicle used for carrying out the process of thinking. When one listens or reads or writes words, phrases or sentences or observes gesture In any language, one is stimulated too think. Reading and Writing is of the promoting our thinking process.

Hypertension – A hypothesis

Blood pressure is defined as the pressure exerted on the walls of the blood vessels by the blood flowing through it. It is an indicator of the compliance of the arteries and also proves valuable to any physician in the diagnosis of a disease. Elevated blood pressure is known as Hypertension. It is a common health problem with devastating consequences at times but often remains asymptomatic till late in life. Hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for coronary artery disease and Cerebrovascular accidents. Hypertension when left uncontrolled may lead to renal failure, aortic dissection and heart failure. It is acknowledged that hypertension is a complex disease with both genetic and environmental determinants. The detrimental effects of hypertension increase proportionately with rise in blood pressure. A sustained diastolic pressure greater than 90mm of Hg or a sustained systolic pressure in excess of 140 mm of Hg constitutes hypertension. There are two classes of hypertension:

Essential Hypertension – Unknown cause, probably genetic

Accelerated Hypertension – Severe hypertension

Gene defects in aldosterone metabolism or mutations in proteins that affect sodium re-absorption can lead to severe forms of hypertension. Stress, smoking, physical inactivity, obesity and heavy consumption of salt are implicated as factors in hypertension.
Treatment modalities consist of –

  • Exercising.
  • Low salt intake.
  • Anti-hypertensive drugs such as Altace, Losar, Propranolol hydrochloride

Hypertension is better prevented than trying to control.


Muscle activities (Tools of Thinking)

Thinking in one way or other shows evidence of the involvement of a slight incipient movement of groups of our muscles. It can be easily noticed that there are slight muscular response when we think of a word, resembling the movements used found to exist between the thinking unless the same is received by our brain cells and properly interpreted for driving some meaning. The mental pictures or images can be stored, formed, reconstructed or put to some use only through the functioning of the brain. Therefore, what happens in our thought process can simply be called a game, function or product of the activities of our brain.


Brain functions: Whatever may be the role of muscles, thinking is primarily a function of our brain. Our mind or brain is said to be the chief instrument or reservoir for carrying out the process of thinking. Whatever is experienced through our sense organs carries no meaning and thus cannot serve a stimulating agent, an instrument or object for our thinking unless the same is received by our brain cells and properly interpreted for driving some meaning. The mental pictures or images can be stored, formed, reconstructed or put to some use only through the functioning of the brain. Therefore, what happens in our thought process can simply be called a game, function or product of the activities of our brain.